It is one of the greatest achievements of archaeology to have discovered ancient civilisations which were unknown to the world. Their discovery opened the gates of information which brought a radical change in the outlook of history. So far, it was believed that human past was dark and backward compared to the present. Therefore, it was argued that it was only in the modern period that man achieved progress and sophistication of culture.
This perception proved totally wrong when the wonders of the past civilisations emerged from underneath the earth and dazzled the world. Such discoveries also proved that different civilisations learnt from one another and developed as a result of sharing and integration of human knowledge. An important feature that brought together these civilisations was traders
and merchants who exchanged not only merchandise among nations but also introduced foreign ideas and thoughts in their own homelands.
Another important factor was human migration. When people migrated from one place to the other, they took along with them their cultural values and traditions and enriched their new adopted country with their heritage.
With the discovery of ancient civilisations, new knowledge either refuted most of the myths which were prevalent or proved that some of them were indeed facts of history. For example, Homer writes about the city of Troy which had no proof of its existence before that but which was believed to have been a great city in ancient Greece. Later on archaeologists excavated it and proved its existence.
Knowledge of ancient civilisations raises a number of questions. One of the important questions was the phenomenon of the rise and fall of a civilisation. Historians and thinkers made attempt at analysing these processes and try to find concrete answers. Some hold that there are specific laws which operate in the process of the rise and fall of civilisations. Others argue that there are no laws and every civilisation has its own process which cannot be applied to others.
However, the study becomes a fascinating subject and historians have brought lot of information to prove their points of view. Some discuss the evolutionary process of civilisation and point out that every great civilisation developed as a result of passing through different stages. However, the stage theory cannot be applied to all civilisations because some of them stopped at one stage and disappeared from the scene. There are few which passed through all stages described by historians to reach their maturity.
Civilisations and rivers
All Bronze Age civilisations, such as Mesopotamia, Egypt, Hrappa and China were developed on the banks of rivers; however, rivers alone were not the major factor for their advancement. They were the people who as a result of their labour and hard work made rivers useful for irrigation.
For instance, they dug canals from the Euphrates and Tigris, the Nile and Indus, and the Hawing-Ho rivers and supplied water to their fields. This made cultivation possible. The surplus agricultural produce provided them with the opportunity to relax and take part in cultural practices.
Therefore, it is wrong to say that “Egypt was the gift of the Nile” or that “Indus made Sindh prosperous”. Credit for such advancement should go to the peasants and cultivators of the time who tamed these rivers and evolved an efficient system of irrigation, and hence civilisation by the river